Example: 'In Bangladesh, 5–10% of all cancer deaths in an arsenic-contaminated region were attributable to arsenic exposure' ( World Health Organization, 2016, para.Example: According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), 5-10% of all cancer-related deaths in Bangladesh stem from arsenic poisoning that pollutes the region (para.Introduce the abbreviation by first including the whole name, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. If you want to abbreviate the name of the organization. Many students still refuse to 'separate the author from the citation at the end of the quoted material' (Spencer, 2006, pp. 5-6).Ī 'parenthetical' citation has all of the citation information within parentheses. Spencer (2006) notes that it is acceptable 'to state the author's name at the beginning of the sentence, rather than always putting it in the parenthetical citation' (pp. (Whedon, 2015, 16:30) Quotations or ParaphrasesĪ 'narrative' in-text citation incorporates the citation information within the text you are writing. To cite a quote from a film or other audiovisual media, use a time stamp in place of the a page number. Immunotherapy 'treatment involves a series of injections of purified allergen extracts' (Mayo Clinic, n.d., 'Treatment' section, para.3).

This could be a section or heading name on a website, a paragraph number (manually count the paragraphs and use the abbreviation 'para.'), a slide number on a PowerPoint, a timestamp for a video, etc. When citing a source without page numbers (such as websites), find a way for the reader to locate the information you are using. When citing a book, journal article, or other paged source, use the page number of the borrowed material. Citations at the end of a sentence are before the period.Paraphrases and summaries: do not include quotation marks.Quotes: use quotation marks around the quoted material.'Although not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work' (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. Include the author's last name, year of publication, and specific part (usually page number) for a quote.Below, you will find additional information about how to cite your sources within your text. Watch the short video above to see how to create a proper in-text citation using signal phrases and parenthetical citations.

Parenthetical abbreviations for words